Analysis of wheter or not domestic terrorism is still a threat in the Essay

Analysis of wheter or not domestic terrorism is still a threat in the United States - Essay Example The attacks of 9/11 have shown the world that no power is immune to attack and loop holes exist in any security structure. In this essay we will determine if domestic terrorism is still a threat to United States of America or not. A brief history of domestic terrorism will be presented and main threats will be highlighted. The definition of domestic terrorism has been transformed many times in United States of America. The latest definition of domestic terrorism has come in the USA Patriotic Act which defines domestic terrorism as those which "(A) involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State; (B) appear to be intended— (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and (C) occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States† (Section 802 of USA Patriotic Act). There is a long history of domestic terrorism in United States of America. From 1970’s there have been gangs that were involved in criminal activities. The definition of domestic terrorism given above is too broad therefore in this section we will discuss terrorism acts and gangs that are located within the geographical limits of United States of America. Many gangs have committed acts of domestic terrorism o A or have the potential to do so in near future. Some of them are given below. Alpha 66 is a gang that was formed in 1960s by Cuban exiles in the country. This group was responsible for many bombings and assassinations in Miami in 1970s. Alpha 66 is an anit-communist group that is against Fidel Castro and his Cuban administration. The group is mainly known for targeting the Pro-Castro speakers. The amount of ammunition this group

The Falling Standard of English in Malaysia Essay Example for Free

The Falling Standard of English in Malaysia Essay I have recently conducted survey about the falling standard of English in Malaysia. The results of the survey are seriously disappointed. Especially the younger generation nowadays, I found they are hardly speak and can’t even pronounce the terms properly and correctly. However there’s only a small number of Malaysians communicate well in the language and many of them are from the older generation where they were schooled in the English medium.. They have an idea that we are living in Malaysia and why should we learn English instead of Malay. Actually all sciences subjects in Malaysia suppose to be in English. However now the students in form 4 have to learn all the sciences subjects in Malay. These leading them unable to catch up in their studies because previously they were learning all those subjects in English. The switching in languages not only causing the students poor in their academic performances but also making them suppose the Malay is much more important than the English. Soon, English is no longer using in their daily lives. The cause of falling standard of English between the Malaysian is there are too many ethnic in Malaysia with different lauguage to communicate with each other. They more prefer to speak their own lauguage at home such as bahasa Malaysia,  chinese ,Tamil and others. It is the main reason why Malaysian always can’t hold a good English to communicate with other. I also realise that the younger generation in the rural area do not realise the importance of english until they started to working. They even feel regret when they are going to interview as they can’t speak a complete sentence to their boss. Eventually they fail to get their jobs. Some of the younger generations do not have a good attitube to study the english. They always adopt the way ‘l don’t care’ on their study. As a result , they have a broken english and can’t do a good communicate with each others . Due to the falling standard english in Malaysia , it brings lot of effects to the development of the country in the future. Someone who do  not master their English well, he will find it difficult and less confident to talk to others. Thus, they can’t communicate well with each others and then the standard of English between the malaysian are going downhill. For those students do not study English well, they will find it difficult on their study especially the subjects that was in English . They can’t do their homework because they don’t understand what the questions enquiry. They will out of step of the study even affect their education on the future. Nowaday, English occupy a lot of importance in the country. The 2nd generation without mastery  the English well, they will fall in social backend. Due to more and more things to English, the 2nd generation without master english will be end up with a tragedy.   I have found out some possible solutions to solve the problems. First of all, we need to keep reading.Reading can be a good habit but also a good way to increase the vocabulary. There are more and more reading materials spawn in the Malaysia , such as news, magazine, novel and others. The younger generation can study through the reading material to improve their poor English step by step. Besides, the government should encourage the citizens to study English well even though it was tough from the beginning. The government can make the English as a compulsory subject to pass, then the students may work harder on it and then the students can master their English well. The students’ parents should have open-minded to give a chance for their children to study english even though they do not master English well before. Parents can study together with their children without feeling shame because learning regardless of age. Through this way, the English standard will absolutely improve. Be best friend with a good English dictionary, it may help to improve English with obvious improve. Buy a dictionary and keep it next when  reading .When stumble upon a word don’t know , just looking in the word up the dictionary beside . It has a lot of challenge when to make a changes of the falling standard of English in Malaysia. It is difficult for the government  to make a whole new change in the syallabus as there are a lot of procedures to have be done. For example, they have to get approval from the schools , citizens and so on. The sudden change in syallbus also cause a lot of problems to the students. Most of them might fail their examinations. Eventually they might feel upset and give up the subjects. A good study environments should without stress and enjoyable.The governments should focus on the kindergarden and the primary schools. Build up a strong basic for the kids. Soon when they get to secondary school and college, there should’t be a problem for them. In a nutshell, English is considered as one of the most important languages in the world. English had been playing a major role in many sector in Malaysia.If we know English we never feel tongue tide in front of others. So, learning English from now onward the government and citizens should cooperate in order to achieve the coming 2020 which is stated by former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir bin Mohamad.

Nishat Linen Business Analysis

Nishat Linen Business Analysis Executive Summary The market for clothing, home textile and accessories has always been vast and full to the brim with potential. More and more people are jumping on to the bandwagon and coming up with their own brands of fabric apparel with tall claims of high quality and uniqueness. In the midst of so much competition, Nishat Linen came to the surface with exclusivity as its claim to fame. This report discusses in the following sections, the current market position of Nishat Linen relative to its competitors, its business portfolio, its strengths and opportunities, channels of distribution, marketing strategies and finally, the overall budget and action programs. Nishat Linen An Introduction High in diversity, Nishat Group has been one of the leading and dynamic industries in South Asia where it has paved its path in the fields of textile, cement and financial services. Nishat Linen is a part of the company which has given a whole new dimension and outlook to the textile industry. Nishat Linen is known for its quality and recognized for its designs and affordable prices and has been serving the industry for the last 14 years and is now recognized as a brand of its own. The positive image it has created in the minds of its customers in unbeatable which cannot be tarnished by big competitors in the textile industry. Current Marketing Situation In Pakistani textile market the concept of a one-stop shop is not new as there are many stores like Ideas, ChenOne and Habitt which are striving hard to provide their customers with the ease and comfort of one-stop it. These stores are strong with their brand names and recognition where they provide their customers with high quality and design variations so as to make the element of uniqueness distinct in the consumers mind. As a result strong competition has surfaced among these textile giants which are fighting hard and fast to retain and grown their customer share in the market Nishat Linen emerged, in the midst of such consistent and tough competition, as a prodigy of Nishat Group; one of the leading and most diversified business groups in South Asia. Throughout the years, Nishat has made its place as one of the market leaders in fulfilling the home and personal needs of consumers. Currently Nishat is enjoying a palace within the minds of its target market that support it maintain a distinctive palace among its competitors. Nishat is the market leader in its category due to its superior quality, a well-developed brand name, marketing efforts that hit its target segment rightly and continuously changing the product designs and features to meet the needs and requirements of its valuable dynamic customers. This all has helped Nishat to gain a differentiated image in the market that has it a prestige symbol. Market Description Todays consumer has evolved with a certain set of needs and demands which are clearly defined in their minds and are more than capable in making purchasing decisions where they evaluate each product feature to their mental scale and purchase only if it rates higher in their perception. Nishat is now just not a store anymore, rather the outlets are something to which the customer can relate to and would feel comfortable in revisiting it if need be. Their brands reflect a certain image and class to the consumers who buy the products to enhance their already groomed personality. Striving hard on these lines Nishat Linen has made its mark in the market where it especially targets those discerning customers who seek uniqueness, quality, design, fashion and style in the products they buy without having to compromise on pricing. Without any doubt the target market of Nishat Linen comprises of customers who have a distinct set of demands where they focus on product uniqueness, quality and design which would set them apart from other females. From housewives seeking to impress others through impressive kitchen and bed linen to socialites and professionals with a sophisticated and exclusive sense of dressing, Nishat is very successful as it caters to a privileged market segment that can pay for high quality and style. Product Review Nishats product line is highly diversified where it sells bed linen to kitchen coordinates, upholstery to apparel providing it significant positioning and penetration in the market to cater to the customers who want a one-stop shop experience Nishats complete product line is as follows: Nisha Clothing Line for women Naqsh Clothing Line for men Bed Kitchen Linen and Accessories Bed sheets Quilts Bed spreads (regular/ bridal sets) Kitchen (table linen, mats, table runners, bread boxes, aprons) Cushions ((Zari, 6 piece sets, matched with bed sheets) Fillings Jai Namaz Fashion Accessories Laces Bangles Shawls Stoles Handbags Clutches SEGMENT NEEDS AND CORRESPONDING BENEFITS OF NISHATS PRODUCT LINE TARGET SEGMENT CUSTOMER NEED CORRESPONDING BENEFIT Multifaceted, style conscious women (consumer market) To be at the zenith of high fashion. To be exclusive and reflect the status of success and power. Corresponding benefit is in the form of Nisha the clothing line for women that was launched in 2004. Based on a wide variety of fabrics including lawn, chiffon, voile, karandi, linen, khaddar, satin etc; it caters to every fashion whim of women. Distinguished men (consumer market) Clothes that reflect sheer masculinity and elegance yet can be worn with ease and comfort any time of the day. Corresponding benefit is in the form of Naqsh the clothing line for men. Loose fabric as well as ready to wear shalwar kurtaz for all occasions that are casual yet unique. Housewives, kids, brides-to-be (consumer market) To be able to express style and individuality while decorating houses. To stylize kitchen, bedrooms, living rooms etc; to be able spruce up any room. Corresponding benefit is in the form of a wide variety of Bed and Kitchen linen and accessories with a new collection every season. Caters not only housewives seeking comfortable bedding and kitchen accessories, Nishat has a linen range exclusively for kids and brides-to-be, hence providing a complete home care solution for every life cycle stage. Trendy teenage girls (consumer market) To be recognized as a fashion goddess, a diva. Corresponding benefit is in the form of fashion accessories ranging from bags, clutches, bangles etc for teens on the go. Competitive Review Fashion industry of Pakistan is evolving on daily basis as it faces a series of continuous changes in the market trends. Following the path of the fashion industry, females also have been grooming alongside where the long ago held concept of a female belonging in kitchen has been changed to a fashionable and modern individual who takes care of her grooming, her dressing and her appearances. The customers are now focused on designs and how each would represent and set off their image in the minds of their friends and relatives. These are the main areas of concerns the customer face while choosing something to wear for themselves or even for their families. With the endorsing of celebrities the competition in the market have increased manifolds as the customers are bombarded with commercials in which the major celebrities have been endorsing their products causing confusions in the analysis of the product by the customers. Nishat Linen Competitors: *Al-Karam Textile Mills One of the largest producers of Fashion and Basic Beddings, Al-Karam has been successful in its ability in grasping the biggest market share. They offer a diversified set of products which are high in quality and designs which includes Apron, Egyptian cotton, bed linen, Hand Towel e.t.c. They are also engaged with in house design solutions as well. Al-karam is proud to have a proven record of providing service quality on time. *Chenone Pakistan It is one of Pakistans leading textile group and one of the largest exporters of home textile products from Pakistan. Chenabs processing unit is considered one of the best in the country with a complete processing range. Its main products that it offers include Home Textile, Garments, Foot Wear and Furniture. Its textile products not only fulfill local demand but are also exported to several other countries. *Ideas Ideas is one of the other big competitor of Nishat in the market where it offers a similar range of product offering including bedding, kitchen, bath furniture e.t.c. They are also offering specific range of cotton and lawn with fresh and vibrant colors. Their specialty is their unique design clothes with a vibrant palette of colors and embroidery. *Habitt Habitt provides with a wide variety which includes wide range of curtains, bed sheets, sofa sets, quilts, book shelves; dining tables and usually very common house hold items are available here. Habitt is attracting market by providing attractive offers and relatively low price. *VLawn VLawn is again in competition with Nishat Linen in clothing industry. VLawn is a brand of Vaneeza Ahmed which is a popular figure in fashion industry. Initially she started with different Lawn designs and now she is offering shiffon, rawsilk and khadi wear. Brand Product Category Price Range Intensity Habbit Furniture Moderate High-High Red Interwood Furniture Moderate High-High Black Cross Roads Casual Clothing Moderate High-High Red Outfitters Casual Clothing Moderate High-High Red Fifth Avenue Casual Clothing Moderate High-High Blue Shirt Tie Formal Clothing Moderate High-High Red Dinners Formal Clothing Moderate High-High Blue Mens Store Formal Clothing High Red Stone Age Casual Clothing Moderate High-High Red Cotton Cotton Formal Clothing Moderate High-High Red Cambridge Formal Clothing Moderate High-High Blue Bonanza Formal Clothing Moderate High-High Blue Oxford Formal Clothing Moderate High-High Blue Ideas Clothing Moderate High-High Red Bareeze Fabric Moderate High-High Red V9 Fabric Moderate High-High Red Funk Asia Women Clothing Moderate High-High Blue Stylo Foot Wear Low-Moderate High Black Soul Foot Wear Moderate High-High Red Borjan Foot Wear Low-Moderate High Blue Red: Head to Head Competition Black: Moderate Competition Blue: Partial Competition Channels and Logistics Review The channels and Logistics are integrated such that product availability is insured across Pakistan at its various outlets which are located at all the major cities. However the major focus of outlets is in Punjab because of easy and cheap logistics since their production facility is near Lahore. There is one outlet in Islamabad and Karachi has three outlets out of which couple of them is located in Clifton and one in PECHS. This goes to show that Nishat hasnt identified other potential or growing markets within Karachi that is going to result in one of the threats from their competitors in gaining market share. SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis is a useful tool for analyzing and understanding business situations as well as carrying out the decision making process within an organization. SWOT is an abbreviation for strength, weakness, opportunity and threats. Organizations use SWOT analysis for: Business planning Strategic planning Competitor evaluation Marketing Business development Product development SWOT analysis for Nishat: STRENGTHS One of the first few brands to launch bed linen in Pakistan. Strong product diversification. Outlets in nearly every city of Punjab and three outlets in Karachi which is also the business capital. Catering all market segments except children. Strong product development and most significantly according to all the seasons. Affiliation with a professional designer Mahin Khan. Organized records of customer database. Valuable services to all its loyal and first time customers by offering discount cards and membership cards. Limited designs for both fabrics and linen are sold in the market for every season that creates differentiation of their product. WEAKNESSES Nishat linen is not catering the middle and the lower income group that can be seen by looking at the price range of their products: Unstitched fabric: Rs. 2138 to 3150 Stitched fabric: Rs. 1400 to 5000 Bed Sheets: Rs. 1150 to 2950 Quilt Covers: Rs. 1800 to 5500 Nishat linen does not carry out exhibitions therefore customers have little knowledge about their products with respect to their competitors. Nishat linen has not been able to expand its market in Karachi due to high logistics cost since their mill is in Faisalabad Punjab. All the promotional strategies are focused on fabrics as it is their star product.bed linen gets little promotional campaign. OPPORTUNITIES Nishat linen can look to get affiliated with more diversified designers who are into accessories as well. Publish their own catalogues for bed linen and fabric and put them at different book stores so that customers have easy access to their designs. Nishat can get into western clothing line which will give them an edge over their competitors. Their Lahore unit is manufacturing denim fabric for Levis which is of superior quality. This gives an opportunity to Nishat to launch their own denim brand in the market. They should look to open an outlet in an area like North Nazimabad where the market has a lot of potential and people have the purchasing power as well. THREATS Strong promotional campaigns of competitors producing fabrics through exhibitions. Fabric designs of their competitors are available at other retail stores as well where as their fabrics are available at their outlets only. Most of their bed linens is exported therefore the local market tend to suffer where as their competitors like ideas and ChenOne are more focused on the local market gaining competitive advantage. BCG Matrix for Nishat Star: Nishats Star unit, undoubtedly, is Nisha, their clothing line for women. It is a unit that sells throughout the year and as quoted by the Manager of their Clifton outlet, Nisha sells at the same rate even during times of recession. According to him, Nishat has experienced more profit during recession because of continued high sales of their clothing line for women. Launched in 2004, Nisha grew by leaps and bounds and now stands alongside brands like Gul Ahmed, Lakhani and Al-Karam. It has been categorized as a Star product line of Nishat as the market for women fabric and apparel is huge, ever growing and presents quite a lot of potential. It has a high market share due to its exclusivity and quality that distinguishes it from its competition. As a consequence, it requires heavy investment to support its image as a brand with an attitude. Cash Cows: Nishats bed kitchen linen and accessories can be categorized as the cash cows with which it earns a healthy and steady cash flow throughout the year. The market demand for bed and kitchen linen, though not dynamic, has always been there with a sustained and limited potential for growth. Nishat, with its unique and discerning image, has managed to capture a significant share of this slow-growing market, relative to its competitors like Ideas by Gul Ahmed, Identity by Al-Karam and ofcourse, ChenOne. Its bed linen is not only in high demand locally but is also one of its major imports. Question Mark: Naqsh, the clothing line of Nishat for men, can be categorized as its Problem Child or Question Mark. Its a unit that hasnt shown much potential and as a result hasnt managed to gain as much market share or generate as much cash as was expected and required of it. The market for eastern wear for men has seen a rapid growth since the past few years and presents so much of unexplored potential. With every designer coming up with an exclusive clothing line for men, Naqsh faces serious competition from not only Gul Ahmed and Al-Karam but other market leaders such as Amir Adnan, Junaid Jamshed and Rizwan Beyg etc. To survive in such a fiercely competitive and fast-growing market, Naqsh requires heavy investments to hold its ground but hasnt managed to succeed in gaining enough market shares as yet. Dog: Finally, fashion accessories of Nishat can be termed as Dog; unit with a low market share in a moderately growing industry of accessories. The demand for fashion accessories like hand bags, clutches etc, though has always been there, but it does not have that much of a growth potential. With much of the investment being done in the other three units, Nishat hasnt paid heed to this particular market offering. Known by the masses as a brand for clothing and bed linen, only a niche segment of the market is aware of Nishats accessories even when ingenuity and style is maintained here as well. Hence, this unit generates just enough cash to maintain its market share. Objective Issues First year Objective We have planned to increase the sales volume up to 150 percent of current sales by expanding the market share along with superior customer value. Second year Objective We aim to launch the western wears of finest quality and exclusive class and achieve a distinguishable position in western wear as well. Issues Due to the saturation of market with huge competitors like Al-Karam, Gul-Ahmed and ideas it is quite difficult to capture a large share of market by providing superior value comparable with our competitors. Their distribution networks and large number of outlets could be a hurdle in making our product their first priority. Political issues are also matter of concern as there might be a political influence in establishing our brand in Karachi. Religious issues are also one of the hurdles in advertising via billboards. Financial situation of customers may also be a matter of concern as our all products are exclusive and have high prices. Marketing Strategy Nishats market strategy is based on market expansion and product development. Currently their target segment is exclusive and formal wear for formal now they target professional females including stylish and convenient outfits having a variety of designs but superior quality. Bed linen also needs to be emphasized more regarding variations in styles and designs. Nishat also plans to target entrepreneurs and business owners who wish to design their offices with their products in an exclusive manner by not only providing them their elite products but also special services would also be provided by their representative who would suggest them regarding interior decoration. Gents wear would also be focused involving a wide range of formal and informal shalwar suits under the supervision of a top class designer Hassan Shaharyar. Positioning Nishat aims to position its product as an exclusive and classical brand for both upper and middle class customers. Additionally they provide customer support services specifically to women to help them design their clothing by Nishats experienced designers. That is their differentiating point from their competitors. Product Strategy Nishat will launch exclusive designs of wear created by a variety of new designers. This innovation would be affective as upcoming designers work with more energy and creativity that would boost their sales. Free samples are delivered to customers to show how best our products are. Free sample is a useful technique in winning the loyalty of customers. This strategy is widely used to improve the market. Pricing Strategy Before setting prices of products, various elements are kept into mind. Customer is of utmost importance. If customer is old, his track record is good and enjoys a favorable repute so profit margin may be reduced. Prices area determined on cost basis by adding certain percentage of profit. This is highly sensitive area. Current pricing for their products are: Unstitched fabric is 2100-3100 it would be revised with more variety having range 1500-3500 Stitched fabric is 1500-5000 it would be revised with economic and unique aspect having range 1200-10000 Bed linen is 1200-3000 it would be revised from regular and exclusive range of bed linen from 1000-5000 Bridal wear will be launched having introductory prices 20000-40000 Distribution Strategy Nishat has their own outlets in Punjab and Sindh, and the product will be delivered only to registered outlets. As the manager of one outlet has enlightened the point why dont sell their product other then Nishat outlet as their competitor is doing that he replied we never want to enter in a market because as soon as we entered in it then our fake product will take birth as it happened with other competitors. Our exclusive designs and products would still be sold at our authorized outlets .Furthermore to facilitate the customers, online shopping facility and door step delivery of order will also be started by the introduction of BUY ONLINE option on our website for that purpose we have acquired services of T.C.S for order delivery. Marketing Research Strategy Following are some research and development techniques: Through Internet Nishat has recognized the importance of information technology in business field and very quick to capitalize this opportunity. It has launched its website which tells buyers about Nishat products and also takes their valuable feedback and suggestions. APTAMA buyers dictionary All Pakistan textile mills association publishes a directory, which includes prospective buyers. This dictionary is published regularly. Marketing department carefully analyses it and find buyers for its quality products. Action Programs We have selected action plans as per different seasons and occasions: February (on winter collection) In this month the number of walk-in customer is high for winter clothing demand. Some visit for the bed linen, cushions, baby cots .Whereas main emphasis would be on winter collection. July Most of the buyers are people going back from vacations; they prefer to buy local stuff rather than spending more for the same stuff offered by international brands. Reason: A complete bed sheet set including pillow covers at Nishat is priced at Rs. 3000 whereas any international brand would charge $140 for the same bed sheet and that too excluding pillow covers. August (on summer collection) In this collection mostly in Karachi customer influx increases with day in and day out and these days mainly women actively do shopping emphasizing on formal outfits for weddings and girls with their summer collections. Eid (on kitchen accessories) We also produce the products on the special occasions especially on Eid season involving an increased requirement for kitchen accessories. In such occasions demand for Traditional outfit having eastern look is also increased in both male and female Budgets We have allocated budget for our products as per their market value and demand. Following is the distribution of expenditure for our product mix considering the market standing and market growth in order to improve our current situation. Nisha à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦50 percent Bed linen à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦15 percent Naqshà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..27 percent Fashion accessoriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 8 percent Controls There are at least three basic requirements for Nishat to maintain its status as a successful brand: It must provide a product (good or service) that suits best to its capabilities and for which there is a sufficient market. It must provide the product with consistent quality at a level that appeals to intended customers and satisfy their needs. It must provide a product at a cost that always a satisfactory profit and a rational sale price. Profit will be controlled by following necessary measures: Quality control Design control Customer Data Control Product Identification and Traceability Corrective and Preventing Measures Internal Audit

Noras Symbolism in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Essay -- Dolls Hous

Nora's Symbolism in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House      Ã‚  Ã‚   In every society power is the bringer of fortune and influence. In his play A Doll's House, Henrik Ibsen portrays, through the character of Nora, the power women are gaining in patriarchal societies. Nora, who symbolizes all women, exercises her power throughout the entire play. She cleverly manipulates the men around her while, to them, she seems to be staying in her subordinate role. In all three acts of the play Nora controls many situations and yields the most power.   Act I, along with the introduction of Ibsen's tone and style, brought the introduction of power. It seems that since the Helmer household is symbolizing patriarchal European society that male characters should bare the most power. However, this is not true. Nora, a woman, yields a great deal of the power over the men in the play. In act I it becomes obvious that Nora has forged documents for a loan in order to save her husband, Torvald's, life. This deed in itself shows that she has power to   be manipulative and deceitful. But also in act I Nora uses one of her most powerful weapons, influence over Torvald, to threaten Krogstad. Krogstad is a malicious character who puts the Helmers' reputation in jeopardy by threatening to reveal Nora's illegal actions. Nora, on the other hand, will not stand for this type of slander and says to Krogstad, "Nora:   Sometimes one has a tiny bit of influence, I should hope. Because one is a woman, it does not necessarily follow that--. When anyone is in a subordinate position, Mr. Krogstad, they should really be careful to avoid someone who-- who-- Krogstad:   Has power? Nora:   Exactly." (21) Nora uses an understatement by making i... ...r over many years (or acts), until they have enough power to "shut the door" on the patriarch. The entire course of the play takes place in the Helmer household, which represents the patriarch, until the last scene where Nora leaves the house to show the beginning of women-powered societies. Nora's power-yielding role in Ibsen's play further proves that women were and still are gaining power in male run societies.    Works Cited: Ibsen, Henrik. A Doll House (1879). Trans. Rolf Fjelde. Rpt. in Michael Meyer, ed. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. 5th edition. Boston & New York: Bedford/St. Martin's Press, 1999. 1564-1612. Shaw, Bernard. "A Doll's House Again."   Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism.   Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1979. Templeton, Joan. "The Doll House Backlash: Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen." PMLA (January 1989): 28-40.

Effect of Single Parenting to Children Essay

Traditionally, a family is viewed to be composed of a mother, father, and a child or children. Family is also considered as a sacred that should be bind by love. In a family, the mother is tasked to take care of the child and the family while and father is responsible for the financial matter. In addition, in the conservative point of view and even practiced in the early days, a woman who bears a child out of wedlock suffers societal humiliation. In some countries, such woman is also being punished or even executed because having a son outside a marriage was considered as a sin. However, in the present era, pre-marital sex, divorce, single parenthood is highly accepted in the society. Woman and man are now liberated. In the society, a family does not necessarily require two parents. But rather, it has been accepted that family can be composed of a mother or a father and a child. Due to various factors, single parenthood cannot be prevented. The rise of the percentage of man or woman entering into a stage of single parenthood was brought about by their adventurism and liberation (Magnier). According to research, there are two out of ten women who are single parent (Magnier). The number is also increasing due to various factors. Consequently, a single parent affects the development of the child. The overall development of a child would certainly be affected when reared by a single parent. As to financial matter, there is tendency that needs and wants of the child will not be provided by the single parent. Notably, one of the advantages of having a complete family is that the mother and father are partners in sustaining the financial needs of the family. In a single parent family, the economic deprivation would create stress and strain not only to the parent but also to the child (â€Å"Single Parent Families- The Effects on Children. †). As a result, the child would develop self-pity and have a tendency of being rebellious if his needs and wants are not given. More importantly, through problem in income, the single parent may not be able to provide proper education and healthcare to the child. The economic status of the single parent greatly affects the development of the child. According to research, a considerable percentage is composed of single parent. Since the single parent hardly provides a good life to the child, the tendency would be to live in an inferior and populated housing system (Bornstein 110). As a consequence, the child would be exposed to a deteriorated and dangerous neighborhood (Bornstein 110). Exposures to such kind of neighborhood would increase their tendency of engaging in illegal activities or commission of crimes. Additionally, both sociologist and psychologists believe that a child of a single parent experiences difficulties in his or her emotional and psychological adjustment (Bornstein 109). The child’s school performance and educational attainment is likewise affected (Bornstein 109). The child experiences difficulties because of his or her exposure to criticism, ridicule, and discrimination. It is noteworthy that as the child grows, he is exposed to a wider social environment. Among children, their mental capability of understanding the issue is not clear because they believe that a family is composed of a mother and a father. Single parenthood would create in their minds several questions that will eventually make them conclude that a child of a single parent is pitiful and disgraceful. These prove that single parent is more susceptible to societal predicaments. The societal problem will instill in child’s mind an unwanted emotional state. The child of a single parent has also the tendency of entering into marriage at an early age, pre-marital sex, drug abuse, gangs, and other societal problems. Moreover, the child would likely become more aggressive and rebellious as a result of the discriminations he or she may suffer (Magnier). In some children, they may develop inferiority as they find it hard to compete with others in many aspects. Although the aggressive or rebellious behavior of the child may not appear at an earlier stage, such may be developed as the child grows. Hence, it is necessary for the parent to guide the child’s development. As to educational aspect of the child, the absence of a father or a mother greatly affects the child’s performance. In school, there are activities that require the presence of the parents. But, in the case of a child having a single parent, cooperation in such activities would be impossible. Among the effects includes higher absentee rates at school, higher dropout rates, lower level of education, and engagement in delinquent activities such as drug addiction and alcohol abuse (â€Å"Single Parent Families- The Effects on Children. †). If these continue as the child grows, the child may end up to nothing and be involved in criminal activities. From the above stated, it is clear that single parenthood extensively contributes to the development of the child. The mental, emotional, physical, psychological, and social aspect of the child is impaired by the nature of the family he or she is exposed to. As the child grows, he or she is exposed to discrimination because of having a single parent. In addition, the child is deprived of the feeling of having a father or a mother. Significantly, a child demands a lot of things and becomes inquisitive as he or she grows. As a consequence, the single parent would deny or make excuses until the child stop asking. However, on the part of the child, a mental and emotional state would be developed. Furthermore, the child would become a society’s problem if not properly reared by the parent. Hence, in order to prevent the negative consequences of a single parenthood on the child, it is necessary that the parent should exert every effort in guiding the child as he or she grows. Works cited Bornstein, Marc H. Handbook of Parenting: Being and Becoming a Parent. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002. Magnier, Jenny. 14 March 2007. â€Å"The Effects of Single Parenting on Children. † Ezine Articles. 7 April 2009 < http://ezinearticles. com/? The-Effects-Of-Single-Parenting-On-Children&id=488617>. â€Å"Single Parent Families- The Effects on Children. † 2008. Marriage and Family Encyclopedia. 7 April 2009 .

Compare and contrast about the book Indian Killer and movie, Smoke Signal Essay

‘Inidan Killer’ by Sherman Alexie can be kept under the term murder mystery books, however there are lots more than the mysterious killings. Sherman wants to take his reader on a journey through the dark heart of current Native American life. The reader finds a mixture of substance abuse which gives rise to self-hatred, which is mixed with an ironic pride of being the native of America. With analysis of the characters of the book reader feels that the fuel is present there to ignite the fire. It is felt that the difference due to the color of the skin results in sourness in any relationship that arises between a dark kinned and a white skinned person. The story mainly surrounds a man, John Smith who was immediately adopted after his birth by a white couple. Throughout the book John is seen suffering a complex because of his skin color as he is of Indian origin. He previously has no idea about what an Indian is except from the books that her mother bought to read, from some documentaries and movies. He knew that no white people would like his or her daughter to date with one who is an Indian or simply just because of his dark skin. During one of the protest powwow, John meets an Indian called Marie Polatikin who also fights for the njustice Indians are facing. The protest usually included a professor of Native American literature class and a cop who later turned to be a mystery writer as both were quite partial to the Americans. Days passed and both, John and Marie were busy with their respective works but in the meantime the tension between the white and native communities also started to rise. The first body due to these differences was found with owl feathers and another white college student suddenly disappeared from an Indian casino parking area. This gave rise to violence against Indians in Seattle and a group of men started beating Indians f that area. To retaliate this, Marie’s cousin brother tortures a white hitchhiker in the same way as he was tortured by his stepfather who also was a white man and tried to beat the â€Å"bad† Indian out of him. The characters and the situations described in â€Å"Indian Killer† are actually representing an existing widespread problem. Three types of Indians are shown, one that are drunk which means that even if they are aware of the wrong treatment from the white community they don’t say a word in protest because they think they would not be able to defeat the whites. The second type of Indians are noble or good Indians who are in such positions that they don’t usually get disturbed due to these events. If any Indian from either of the two categories uttered a word about land claims or anything that seemed for the whites like threatening for their status quo, was immediately tagged as malcontent or radical. This was the third and the most problematic category of Indians for the existing whites. And this is the category that Sherman Alexie deals with in his book, â€Å"Indian Killer†. The reader gets carried away and starts caring for the characters o matter whether they are white or Indian because nothing actually matters, as all the characters are human and interesting. When Marie tells that the reason behind the killings is the ghost dance, Sherman Alexie wants his readers to examine their opinion of Indians and the consequences of the way they had been treated in past. Sherman Alexie has made use of overt and subtle racism along with harsh reality and few descriptions of violence. The story and plot goes along swiftly and straightforwardly. This novel can be an eye opener for those people whose land it was where their families had immigrated. Smoke Signals† is a movie which is also written by Sherman Alexie and is a film in which a young Indian, Victor makes a trip to pick up his father’s ashes who had fled from the family years back. Victor sets off in search of his father and everything about him and in this way tries to find his identity too. He has to borrow money from his neighbor and friend Thomas who in turn wants Victor to take him along his journey. Unflinching frankness of Indians is seen in the film and the comic scenes that make people laugh loud are in fact satire on Indians or the rest of Americans. Thomas here is seen quite considerate about his friend’s pain and he has helped Victor quite a lot of time in life. Later in the film Victor meets his father’s neighbor and one time lover and comes to know about the reason of his abandonment. Sherman adds real color to the story of â€Å"Smoke Signals† with Indian reservations. Sherman has introduced confrontation of Indians and rest of Americans in a very peculiar way. A man, who has a tag, â€Å"racist redneck† written on his forehead, takes over the seat where Victor and Thomas were seated and that too of no particular reason at all. It is seen hat even when the film flashes from back to past and from â€Å"present† to â€Å"past† or vice versa, there is no change in the background or the people or the dress they were wearing. Alexie has talked about Indian reservation in the film as if it existed from long past without even considering the progress. But here Victor gives a fighting chance for survival and to move on. This is the point where Sherman’s character John and Victor of the book â€Å"Indian Killer† and film â€Å"Smoke Signals† can be compared. Both of them are not ready to surrender to the injustice by the rest of Americans towards Indians. They oth fight for their existence and identity. The film â€Å"Smoke Signals† was written by an Indian writer and almost the entire cast is cool, calm and collected of Indians. Smoke Signals† is an important movie and a turn point for Native North America because of the long misrepresentation of them on silver screen. The Indian Victor is stereotyped and along with Thomas looks like a typical Indian. Thomas has a lot of stories to tell throughout the movie and tells personal stories along with family histories and myths. There is no shyness in the movie about the drunkenness or hopelessness of the people in the past. Everyday and persistent racism is seen in the movie once they leave the reservation. The film is a journey of two young Indian men to more mature ones. In the film Victor is seen reminding Thomas of behaving like an Indian and to stop grinning all the time. In both the film â€Å"Smoke Signals† and the book â€Å"Indian Killer† the Indian characters are not ready to leave their identity and come face to face with racism. There are references from popular cinema in the movie as well as the book â€Å"Indian Killer† every now and then. The film leaves the audience and the readers of the book feel that the uthor has much more to explore and to say but due to their limitations they have stopped and ended. It seems that both the stories are original and even if the movie does not have any famous or big names attached to it is worth watching and realizing the real status. The story itself is very simple but the characters of the present generation do not seem to surrender to the prevailing situation and circumstances. They fight for justice and want their identity back by hook or by crook. â€Å"Indian Killer† and â€Å"Smoke Signals† both show the differences between father nd sons and the troubled relationships of the two generations. Usually films appear to be personal but this film with a simple story line is quite universal in nature. The characters are confronted with racism fact to face and the manner Sherman Alexie has presented the situation is very unusual. Sherman’s style is somewhat typical and in both the stories he has taken almost the same issue of racism but presented it in a different way. His characters are quite strong and not ready to accept injustice to their community and they fight for it throughout the story.

A Midwives Tale Essays

A Midwives Tale Essays A Midwives Tale Essay A Midwives Tale Essay Land surveying has been around for years and it is still used today. What is land surveying, you may ask? Land surveying happens when someone wants to buy land. Land surveyors will come out and inspect the land to make sure the land is ready to be sold. Some land surveying tools are a compass and a wheel. Today’s tools include a GPS and a few wooden sticks with tags/flags on them. Land surveying in the 1800’s was not easy because of the lack of accuracy of tools they had.Land surveying was life threatening also in the 1800’s because of wild Indians in that may be on the land. If a group of Indians ransacked you in the middle of the night, your surveying tools would be broken, and you might be robbed or killed. With today’s technology land surveyors would not have to spend an entire day and night surveying an area of land. Modern day technology allows surveyors to be very accurate and precise with their GPS and wooden stakes Land surveying in the 1800’s did not include cameras or a GPS, because of the lack of technology it was extremely hard for the surveyors to have accurate results.With the tools we have today we can have extreme accurate results because of our computers and cameras and even notepads. In the 1800’s it might take a day or two just to survey some land because of their lack of technology and in-accurate compasses. Today’s surveying might take up to 1-3 hours depending on the land. If you were a land surveyor you would have to pack clothes, firewood, a weapon, an axe, and food because of wild Indians and the lack of technology. Surveyors in the 1800’s have very dangerous jobs because the government was still new. In modern day, surveyors do NOT have to worry about being sabotaged in the woods.In the 1800’s some surveyors brought a few other surveyors to help. Land surveyors had a long and tough job in the 1800’s and is a fast and quick job today. With their tools that they were using to survey, the results came in, inaccurate and slowly. Because of the government forming the perfect union, today’s tools are exact and fast. Land surveyors today don’t have dangerous jobs anymore because they won’t find any Indian tribes in the woods because we have the police and army to help us. Land surveying has changed a lot over the years and is still used today for people who want to buy some land.

Medicare United States Essay Example

Medicare United States Essay Example Medicare United States Paper Medicare United States Paper The government program which provides health insurance coverage to people 65 years and over in the United States is known as Medicare. Medicare is a single player health care system. A single player health care system is a system under which health care providers are only paid from a single fund. This system is considered to be a system of universal health care. It was signed into law on 30th July, 1965 by President Lyndon B. Johnson as a change to the social security legislation. When it was ratified President Johnson presented former President Harry S.  Truman with the first Medicare card making him the first beneficiary of Medicare in the United States (SeniorJournal. com, 2001). The true history of the program however goes back to 1945 when then President Harry S. Truman requested congress to create a national health insurance program. Due to the opposition of the Soviets at the time and rejection of communism, the dangers of socialized medicine were fiercely debated for the next 20 years. By the end of his term Truman backed away from his plan for universal health care. However, his rivals in the social security administration and other sections of government ran with the idea of insuring social security benefactors. When it was signed into law as part of Lyndon Johnson’s great society the Medicare Part B premium was three dollars a month. Part B premium serves the outpatient basis of the medical insurance and is geared towards those individuals who are retired or no longer working. Then in 1972 the program was expanded to include disabled individuals who were under 65 years of age and those with end stage renal disease were also enabled to receive coverage. It also expanded to include chiropractic services and other forms of therapy such as speech and physical therapy. This was also the year that payment to health maintenance organizations began and the supplemental security income for the elderly and disabled poor was established to automatically give these recipients coverage under Medicare. In 1982 the program expanded to include hospice treatments on a temporary basis to assess the financial costs of these institutions. The benefits would not become a permanently ratified until 1986. Then in 1983 they changed their system of payment from one of reasonable cost to a case by case basis based on the diagnosis for in-patients in hospitals. In 1984 the President, federal employees, members of congress and federal judiciary also became covered by Medicare. In 1988 a major overhaul of the Medicare program was made in order to provide benefits for life threatening illnesses and prescription medication, it was cancelled the very next year. This was followed by coverage for routine mammographies in the same year. The next year coverage for pap smears started and physicians were now paid based on their schedules. In 1997 the balanced budget act was passed which enabled various providers from Medicare to have their funding reduced. This was enacted under the Medicare choice program which provided advantages to those individuals who are financially burdened. However, congress soon revisited this act due to pressure in 1999 and passed the Balanced Budget reform act which returns some of the cuts to the providers. These returns were increased by the 2000 Budget improvement and protection act (SeniorJournal. com, 2001). Thus, in 2000 the Medicare Choice final rule took effect. At this time the Medicare Part B premium was at forty five dollars and forty cents a month. Inaugurating it in 2001 and launching it in 2002 Medicare started a new program known as Quality Initiative. This was a new program which encompassed not only quality monitoring by independent surveyors. But also pay for performance plan along with the hospital compare website. They also eventually revealed that they would no longer offer payment for treatment of hospital acquired infections and problematic hospital events. In 2006 they began a prescription drug coverage program. This at a monthly premium puts individuals on a drug plan to cover their drug costs. The current premium for Medicare part B is ninety six dollars and forty cents per month (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2005) (Medicare, 2009). A look at the government website for Medicare and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid do not reveal the mission statement for the organization. What is present however is what the program actually entails in terms of services. As mentioned before Medicare is a health insurance program for people of ages 65 and over who may have certain disabilities and also those of all ages with End Stage Renal Disease. It provides three types of insurance. Part A is hospital insurance which covers the costs of hospital care, hospice care and inpatient care. It may not be required to be paid if the payroll tax of an individual pays for it. Part B medical insurance is the type which covers outpatient care and doctors services. It also covers certain other physical and occupational therapies in health care and is bought with a monthly premium. The third is prescription drug coverage which covers the individual’s drug plan for a monthly premium (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2005). In terms of the criminal justice system Medicare does not pay for those individuals who have been sent to prison since they lose their social security on incarceration. However if an individual pays their premiums for Medicare B directly they are still eligible for the program. Otherwise their Medicare benefits will run out in 3 months. They also lose coverage under the drug prescription plan. In the case of individuals who are in psychological institutions for the criminally insane and in nursing homes serving out their sentence are covered under the Medicare part B program (Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, 2009). If we look at the financial records of Medicare for the past three years, i. e. from 2007 to 2009 we find that Medicare has faced striking loses and financial challenges. According to the April 2007 report the Health Insurance Trust Fund which gives finances to part A of the Medicare plan will no longer be viable after the next 20 years. Meaning it will dry out in 2019. Once it is gone Medicare will turn to payroll taxes to cover the costs of 79% of part A. The 2007 report was also the first one which included the Medicare funding warning. This was due to the fact that this was the second report which stated that the in the next seven years 45% of all funding for Medicare would come from common revenues (Aflcio. org, 2007). The 2008 financial report contained information which stated that the estimated health insurance deficit over the next 75 years was expected to be around thirteen trillion dollars. To eliminate this problem the only foreseen solution was to increase payroll taxes by 122% or to reduce benefits by 51% or some combination of both and that failure to do so would result in even greater increases and reductions. The report also spoke of the problems of the long term sustainability of Medicare with the rising cost of Health Care in the United States. The report also stated that due to these expenses Medicare would continue to be a burden, relying on the country’s GDP to function. They said that Medicare spent 3. 2% of the country’s GDP in 2007 and is estimated to spend 6. 3% in 2030 and 10. 7% in 2080 (American Academy of Actuaries , 2008). In 2009, the report once again showed the financial failings of the Medicare organization. It now reported that the Health Insurance fund would empty out in 2017 two years sooner than predicted in 2008. The report also said that the benefits given out by hospitals this year will outpace the earnings to such an extent that it will result in bankruptcy by 2017. This year they said that the Health Insurance deficit would require an immediate 134% increase in payroll and 53% reduction in benefits or some combination of the two with the total deficit over the next 75 years totaling 14 trillion dollars (American Academy of Actuaries, 2009). A critical analysis of the effectiveness of Medicare finds that Medicare has failed to perform adequately for several years and its performance in the 2009 fiscal year was not satisfactory. Not only have they not taken any steps to curtail the projected deficit. Since 2004 the costs of the Medicare program have exceeded income from payroll tax revenue forcing the program to rely on interest earnings to help pay benefits. Furthermore immediate action needs to be taken to insure that the Health Insurance Trust Fund which is on it way to depletion in 2017 is preserved. As the reliance of Medicare on GDP grows it is predicted that social security costs will grow along with it. This is because after 2010 the number of people receiving benefits through Medicare and social security will sharply increase. It is expected that the part B premiums will increase in the ensuing years as beneficiaries will have to pay more due to ever increasing health costs. However, by law since the Part B premium cannot exceed the cost of living adjustment provided by social security. Thus, nearly 75% of the Medicare beneficiaries will not pay increased premiums placing the financial burdens on the rest of the 25% of the population (American Academy of Actuaries, 2009). It is also expected that since the prescription drug plan is not subjected to any legislation, the prices for its premiums will dramatically increase over the next few years. The current business model employed by Medicare quite frankly is a disaster of epic proportions. With the current recession of the economy in the United States and the ever increasing cost of health care, it is not conceivable for Medicare to maintain any form of profitability or stability long term in this market. Not only that but shareholder and consumer confidence along with an overwhelmingly negative perception of the general public will curtail any efforts by Medicare to rectify its earning procedures for years to come. Thus eventually Medicare will not only become unsustainable for its beneficiaries but also for the federal government. Since the substantial increase in health care cost and increasing complexities of the health care system will be a dominant force in the industry over the next few years. It is essential that Medicare streamline its operation and keep costs down while keeping consumer confidence up. In order to do this they must completely abandon the current Modus operandi they have adopted and turn towards creating a new plan that is customized towards providing a standard form of service rather than awarding cash on a performance basis. Additionally, they must insure that their new programs are not only more streamlined but are also created to insure the best health care possible for their consumers. It is inevitable that the price of the Medicare premiums will increase over the next few years. However, if Medicare changes its modes of operation from stressing quick cures to instead creating an emphasis on primary prevention the long term benefits on the civilian population and the organization will be incalculable. It is through this means that they will create a more standardized approach towards medicine and prevent the occurrence of more life threatening diseases that are considered a financial black hole. Meaning these diseases require years of funding to treat patients with no guarantee of recovery. However, it is much more likely that Medicare wills continues it current mode of operations and will continue to employ the use of the failed Quality Initiative. With increasing Job losses and a recessive economy it is doubtful that the organization will find its way back to profitability and become free of the aid it is receiving from the GDP of the United States and the Health Insurance Fund. Additionally it is conceivable that Medicare will abandon all the programs it consider non essential. Among those will be programs which are geared towards the medical aid of felons or sex offenders. It is possible that the health benefits afforded to senior citizens in nursing homes may be revoked in an effort to increase funding for the organization. It is equally plausible that Medicare will possibly outsource some of its businesses to local prisons such as their help lines and customer relations due to budget concerns and deficits. However, it is inevitable that in the end no amount of funds will help the organization return to a mode of profitability. It has been suggested by the republican body recently that it may be more prudent for congress to scrap the program completely in favor of a more contemporary approach. In my opinion I believe that is a much better option over the wait and see approach the Medicare has obviously adopted over the last few years. It is true that an immediate increase in payroll tax and an immediate reduction in benefits will alleviate the actuarial balance within the next few decades. However, the long term sustainability of such a plan is whimsical at best. Additionally one must consider if the longitivity of this organization is based solely on the success of these factors, then their increase within the next few decades is assured creating a greater burden on the populace. The financial difficulties that face Medicare today are not as simple as they appear. Nonetheless it is apparent that reform of the organization is essential to its long term survival. Its biggest concern is sustenance without sacrificing the quality of care of its individual. However, with ever increasing cost of health in the United States, its possible that might just happen. References Aflcio. org. (2007). Medicares Financial Condition. Retrieved May 30, 2009, from Aflcio. org: aflcio. org/issues/healthcare/financial. cfm American Academy of Actuaries . (2008, March). Medicares Financial Condtion: Beyond Actuarial Balance . Retrieved May 30, 2009, from American Academy of Actuaries : actuary. org/pdf/medicare/trustees_08. pdf American Academy of Actuaries. (2009, May). Medicares Financial Condtion: Beyond Actuarial Balance. Retrieved May 30, 2009, from American Academy of Actuaries: actuary. org/pdf/medicare/trustees_09. pdf Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law. (2009). Bazelon Center Fact Sheet Medicare p. 2. Retrieved May 30, 2009, from Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law: bazelon. org/pdf/Factsheet-Medicare. pdf Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2005, December 14). Overview. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services: cms. hhs. gov/MedicareGenInfo/ Medicare. (2009). Medicare premiums and coinsurance rates for 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from Medicare: http://questions. medicare. gov/cgi-bin/medicare. cfg/php/enduser/std_adp. php? p_faqid=2100 SeniorJournal. com. (2001). Brief History of the Medicare Program. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from SeniorJournal. com: http://seniorjournal. com/NEWS/2000%20Files/Aug%2000/FTR-08-04-00MedCarHistry. htm

Geographical Relocation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Geographical Relocation - Essay Example MorÐ µovÐ µr, humÐ °n rÐ µsourcÐ µ mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µr should prÐ µpÐ °rÐ µ Ð ° cost Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µ plÐ °n to dÐ µcidÐ µ whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µ rÐ µlocÐ °tion of Ð µmployÐ µÃ µ would bÐ µ Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µ in tÐ µrms of pÐ °rticulÐ °r cÐ °sÐ µ. ThÐ µ following pÐ °pÐ µr is Ð ° rÐ µport, which covÐ µrs thÐ µ issuÐ µs rÐ µlÐ °tÐ µd with thÐ µ Ð µxpÐ °triÐ °tion procÐ µss of thÐ µ workÐ µr from London, UK to MÐ °drid, SpÐ °in. HÐ µrÐ µin, I Ð °im to Ð °nÐ °lysÐ µ thÐ µ cÐ °sÐ µ of such Ð ° rÐ µlocÐ °tion, whÐ µn mÐ °king Ð °nÐ °lysis of thÐ µ country of rÐ µlocÐ °tion (thÐ µ Ð µconomy of SpÐ °in, tÐ °x Ð °nd hÐ µÃ °lthcÐ °rÐ µ systÐ µm, insurÐ °ncÐ µ Ð °nd politics), providing ovÐ µrviÐ µw of living Ð °nd working conditions Ð °nd invÐ µstigÐ °ting thÐ µ wÐ °ys thÐ °t mÐ °y fÐ °cilitÐ °tÐ µ thÐ µ rÐ µlocÐ °tion Ð °nd Ð °dÐ °ptÐ °tion procÐ µss of Ð ° workÐ µr who Ð µxpÐ °triÐ °tÐ µ from London to MÐ °drid. WhÐ µn providing thÐ µ rÐ µport I will mÐ °kÐ µ Ð °n Ð °ccÐ µnt on thÐ µ policy of our orgÐ °nizÐ °tion thÐ °t clÐ µÃ °rly idÐ µntifiÐ µs its goÐ °ls in Ð µÃ °ch stÐ °gÐ µ Ð °nd thus will rÐ µsult in bÐ µttÐ µr intÐ µrnÐ °tionÐ °l pÐ µrformÐ °ncÐ µ of Ð µxpÐ °triÐ °tÐ µs. TrÐ °ining should nÐ µvÐ µr focus primÐ °rily on bÐ µnÐ µfiting thÐ µ individuÐ °l Ð µxpÐ °triÐ °tÐ µ. RÐ °thÐ µr, it should cÐ µntÐ µr on mÐ µÃ µting thÐ µ orgÐ °nizÐ °tions goÐ °ls. It should try to mÐ °tch thÐ µ Ð µxpÐ °triÐ °tÐ µs knowlÐ µdgÐ µ, skills Ð °nd compÐ µtÐ µnciÐ µs with thosÐ µ rÐ µquirÐ µd for Ð µÃ °ch pÐ °rticulÐ °r Ð °ssignmÐ µnt. LikÐ µ most othÐ µr trÐ °ining, its succÐ µss should bÐ µ mÐ µÃ °surÐ µd by how much thÐ µ orgÐ °nizÐ °tion bÐ µnÐ µfits, not how much thÐ µ individuÐ °l might grow or lÐ µÃ °rn. ЕxpÐ °triÐ °tion, thÐ µ prÐ °cticÐ µ of sÐ µnding homÐ µ country mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µrs to othÐ µr country locÐ °tions, is Ð ° populÐ °r, Ð °lbÐ µit Ð µxpÐ µnsivÐ µ, prÐ °cticÐ µ Ð °mong intÐ µrnÐ °tionÐ °l corporÐ °tions (OBoylÐ µ, 1989). ЕxpÐ °triÐ °tÐ µs, fÐ °miliÐ °r with thÐ µ culturÐ µ, lÐ °nguÐ °gÐ µ, Ð °nd customs of hÐ µÃ °dquÐ °rtÐ µrs, cÐ °n fÐ °cilitÐ °tÐ µ thÐ µ trÐ °nsfÐ µr of corporÐ °tÐ µ culturÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn hÐ µÃ °dquÐ °rtÐ µrs Ð °nd thÐ µ subsidiÐ °ry, Ð µnhÐ °ncing communicÐ °tion Ð °nd

Understanding malaria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Understanding malaria - Essay Example In the year 2011, malaria has been the reason for 660,000 deaths worldwide, which laid the requirement of making further researches in relation to this particular field National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, â€Å"Understanding Malaria†). 1. Malaria can be defined as a disease or infection, which gets transmitted amid the individuals by an infested ‘female Anopheles mosquito’ through a bite or in certain cases through transfusion of blood. The disease gets spread through a cycle wherein a mosquito bites an infected person with malaria and sucks up human blood. Consequently, this particular disease gets sucked up by a mosquito along with the blood through which this parasite gets developed and multiplied within a mosquito. Subsequently, this parasite gets matured inside a mosquito within a period of 10-14 days after which it becomes ready to get passed among other individuals. Once an infected mosquito bites an individual who is completely fit and h ealthy, the parasites enters into blood that gets spread within a human liver wherein it multiplies and returns into the blood steam. This parasite gets multiplied 10 times within two days that completely results in destroying red blood cells (RBCs) along with contaminating new cells within the human body. There are four types of parasites involving ‘Plasmodium falciparum’, ‘Plasmodium vivax’, ‘ovale’ and ‘malariae’ that impose adverse effects on human life.

School Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

School Violence - Essay Example The nation’s experiences on the juvenile violence’s have been disturbing to most of the people throughout the country. The situation has been worse especially the shootings that are happening in the locality. For instance, in our case is Ian who is a 15-year old student who is in possession of an armed gun. He took it from the parent’s cabinets and sneaked it to school where he commits a serious crime. The boy is a high school student and lives with the parents in the Southern where he attends school on a daily basis. Ian, like many other teenagers is short temperamental and resistive to corrections. He gets offended very first due to trivial issues and can easily cause harm. However, Ian lacks the attention he deserves as a teenager and his parents are less available due to work conditions. The teachers on the other hand, teach generally and follow their time schedule strictly. Ian thus lacks the support and the general life qualities (Altun & Baker, 2010). It was a normal school day and everything moved on swiftly without interactions. As it was the case with the assignments submissions, the teacher was not pleased with Ian’s work. As the students were dispersed after the school activities, the teacher called him aside. As Ian explained, the teacher was making un recommendable comment to him before he less knew of what to reply to the teacher he had withdrawn the gun he sneaks to school with and shot the teacher. This was a violent reaction that Ian did not understand and was extremely aggressive. According to McGee and DeBernardo (1999), they figure facts that being a loner as Ian was with less support could lead to a person straying away or rather an indication that moves someone away from the cultural norms as well as committing serious violent behavior. A further research done on the same, what causes someone to be a loner, found that the males

Application for admission middle school Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Application for admission middle school - Essay Example One is the Doing the Right Thing Award given after I fed a quadriplegic student every day during lunch hour for one year. The second is Student of the Month awarded to me by teachers for assisting fellow students to excel in their homework. The third is Team Spirit Award scooped for helping fellow students to perform to their full potential through my encouragement. In addition to the above, I am a volunteer at the Humane Society and Food Panty and a member of my school’s Volunteering Committee. I am also an elected member of the Students Council and a teachers-elected Safety Patrol for 2 years. My teacher also has selected me to be helping young students in their performance during and after school. I believe that in Middle School I will offer these and more so as to improve the lives of others while excelling in my studies. Works cited Richards, Keith and Fox, James. Life. Little, Brown and Company, 2010.

Charlotte's web Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Charlotte's web - Essay Example It is true that in life the presence of both of these characters is important because both contribute a greater good of all to the world. The story describes Charlotte as a simple gray spider who tries to save Wilbur from being the food of the humans by planning a scheme in his favor. The story is an interesting example of friendship between two creatures different in size, shape, and nature. It explains that in life we need a company in order to survive, no matter if the friendship is for selfless or selfish reasons. Charlotte’s Web is a story elaborating how one can achieve anything if only they have the willpower and a string determination. It helps children understand the importance of will and teaches them a lesson and makes this book a perfect one to be read by all the children. Despite charlotte’s size she proves to be very helping for Wilbur, the pig, by saving its life with the power of her web. The spider’s web to an individual’s eyes seems weak and fragile but the story reveals that even if something seems weak and dainty doesn’t mean it is one. "A spiders web is stronger than it looks. Although it is made of thin, delicate strands, the web is not easily broken. However, a web gets torn every day by the insects that kick around in it, and a spider must rebuild it when it gets full of holes" (White et al 55). Secondly, to charlotte her web is like a paper, a medium through which she communicates. She uses her web to convey the messages to the people as she believes â€Å"People believe almost anything they see in print" (White et al 89). So, no matter how small a creature is if it knows its potential than nothing can stop it from using its power to make a mark. If Charlotte wouldn’t have been there then Wilbur could h ave died, who was triple her size. There is not much relation between fences and freedom for Wilbur, it seems that he has grown fond of being pampered by his owners. He is doubtful if he would like freedom, as at one occasion he

The UK and The European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The UK and The European Union - Essay Example The core values of the union are human dignity, democracy, democracy, equality, freedom, rule of law and respect for human rights. What began as an economic union has slowly evolved into an organization spanning different policy areas, such as development aid, environment among others. It was initially called European Economic Community, but its name changed to the present one, which is the European Union. The rule of law guides the EU in all matters and everything is based on treaties that Europe. are democratically and voluntarily agreed upon by all member states (European Union, n.d.). The EU has managed to come up with a single currency, the Euro that is used among the member states, help raise the living standards of the member states citizens, and has brought stability, peace and prosperity. Through the standardized system of law, the EU has established a single market that is used by all member states. It has also removed border controls among EU nations which have made people travel freely among them. Additionally, it has made it easy to live and work among the nations when one is a citizen of one of the nations. EU membership means the residents of existing EU states have the rights and privileges to live and work in the UK (Manners and Whitman, 2000). Countries however have the option of placing transitional limits on migration from other countries to the EU. During one of the recent council meetings, there was a divide about the UK’s relationship with the EU. Niblett states that it showed the growing division between UK’s approach to its membership in the EU (2012). Since the council meeting, the disparity has widened rather than narrowing down. The Eurozone members that have joined the single currency period are joining forces to create and establish a new structure of financial and political integration that seeks to establish a Euro that is more stable. However, the UK is not part of this. In fact, the UK has never shared the same kind of

Application for admission middle school Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Application for admission middle school - Essay Example One is the Doing the Right Thing Award given after I fed a quadriplegic student every day during lunch hour for one year. The second is Student of the Month awarded to me by teachers for assisting fellow students to excel in their homework. The third is Team Spirit Award scooped for helping fellow students to perform to their full potential through my encouragement. In addition to the above, I am a volunteer at the Humane Society and Food Panty and a member of my school’s Volunteering Committee. I am also an elected member of the Students Council and a teachers-elected Safety Patrol for 2 years. My teacher also has selected me to be helping young students in their performance during and after school. I believe that in Middle School I will offer these and more so as to improve the lives of others while excelling in my studies. Works cited Richards, Keith and Fox, James. Life. Little, Brown and Company, 2010.

The UK and The European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The UK and The European Union - Essay Example The core values of the union are human dignity, democracy, democracy, equality, freedom, rule of law and respect for human rights. What began as an economic union has slowly evolved into an organization spanning different policy areas, such as development aid, environment among others. It was initially called European Economic Community, but its name changed to the present one, which is the European Union. The rule of law guides the EU in all matters and everything is based on treaties that Europe. are democratically and voluntarily agreed upon by all member states (European Union, n.d.). The EU has managed to come up with a single currency, the Euro that is used among the member states, help raise the living standards of the member states citizens, and has brought stability, peace and prosperity. Through the standardized system of law, the EU has established a single market that is used by all member states. It has also removed border controls among EU nations which have made people travel freely among them. Additionally, it has made it easy to live and work among the nations when one is a citizen of one of the nations. EU membership means the residents of existing EU states have the rights and privileges to live and work in the UK (Manners and Whitman, 2000). Countries however have the option of placing transitional limits on migration from other countries to the EU. During one of the recent council meetings, there was a divide about the UK’s relationship with the EU. Niblett states that it showed the growing division between UK’s approach to its membership in the EU (2012). Since the council meeting, the disparity has widened rather than narrowing down. The Eurozone members that have joined the single currency period are joining forces to create and establish a new structure of financial and political integration that seeks to establish a Euro that is more stable. However, the UK is not part of this. In fact, the UK has never shared the same kind of

Thresholds Theory of Classical Psychophysics Essay Example for Free

Thresholds Theory of Classical Psychophysics Essay Discuss the thresholds theory of classical psychophysics and explain how characteristics of the perceiver are also important in determining the selection of stimuli. The theory that our human cognitive ability has thresholds from the conscious level to a non-conscious level which varies over time in strength. These thresholds are physical and are not defined, but generally are from those activities and thoughts that are the most active having a threshold that defines our active consciousness, down to those thoughts that are several thresholds away and not seemingly linked to our current awareness. The concepts behind the theory attempt to bring together areas of knowledge, including the commonly-held beliefs about short-term memory being limited to around 7 ideas. In an evolutionary sense, humans walk forward and have to plan their next steps. If humans are running, they may be planning, say, 7 steps ahead. This planning allows them to avoid having miss steps. They have to be able to analyze the results of possibly taking steps, and then keep changing their focus after taking a new step forward .In theory people are imperfectly able to keep focus on a small set of priorities. This imperfection may be the solution, though, for allowing new priorities to be considered. An example is if when shopping in a market holding a red scarf you like, someone yells from behind you â€Å"Stop that thief Help† You start to turn around. Your cognitive threshold will swap out your interest in scarves for an interest in this new distraction. You may: †¢Want to see the thief to avoid them †¢Want to see the person yelling to verify they are not joking †¢Want to see if you are near the thief, or possibly in danger In other words, our cognitive and analytical threshold allows us to act in our world and react for what could be labeled as basic evolutionary needs. The cognitive threshold changes over time, for reasons including: †¢mental capacity: fatigue, chemical or emotional impairment/enhancement †¢situational: the ability to think about running is higher when actually running, than when performing some other activity †¢training: learning enhances ability to manage and perform more in those areas being learned, such as language, music, sports, science, and other skills The Cognitive Threshold theory assumes that what is referred to as â€Å"unconscious† or â€Å"subconscious† thinking is essentially thoughts that take place at a different level of awareness. Perception is our sensory experience of the world around us and involves both the recognition of environmental stimuli and action in response to these stimuli. Through the perceptual process, we gain information about properties and elements of the environment that are critical to our survival. A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception these factors can reside: i) In the perceiver ii) In the Object or target being perceived or iii) In the context of the situation in which the perception is made. 1. Characteristics of the Perceiver: Several characteristics of the perceiver can affect perception. When an individual looks at a target and attempts to interpret what he or she stands for, that interpretation is heavily influenced by personal characteristics of the individual perceiver. The major characteristics of the perceiver influencing perception are: †¢Attitudes †¢Motive †¢Moods †¢Self-concept †¢Interest †¢Cognitive structure †¢Expectation 2) Characteristics of the Target: Characteristics in the target that is being observed can affect what is perceived. Physical appearance pals a big role in our perception of others. Extremely attractive or unattractive individuals are more likely to be noticed in a group than ordinary looking individuals. Motions, sound, size and other attributes of a target shape the way we see it. Verbal Communication from targets also affects our perception of them. Nonverbal communication conveys a great deal of information about the target. The perceiver deciphers eye contact, facial expressions, body movements, and posture all in a attempt to form an impression of the target. 3) Characteristics of the Situation: The situation in which the interaction between the perceiver and the target takes place has an influence on the perceivers impression of the target. The strength of the situational cues also affects social perception. Some situations provide strong cues as to appropriate behavior. In this situation, we assume that individuals behaviors can be accounted for by the situation, and that it may not reflect the individuals disposition Name and discuss briefly three (3) reasons why the memory of a healthy person may fail. Memory is one of the most important functions of the brain. Whether people realize it or not, their memories define who they are. There are many areas of the brain that help you create and retrieve memories. Damage or malfunction of any of these areas can lead to memory loss. Memory loss due to problems with specific brain areas may be different. It may involve only memory of recent or new events, past or remote events, or both. The amnesia may be only for specific events or for all events. The problem may involve learning new information or forming new memories. Mental or thinking abilities may still be present or may have been lost. Filling in the details with imagined events (confabulation), and disorientation to time and place may occur. Memory loss may be for words and thoughts only, or for the body can no longer perform specific actions calls motor action. Memory loss may also be partial, meaning failing to remember only a selected group of items. Self-esteem refers to how an individual feels about him or herself. Does someone view himself as a good person, worthy of good things? If he does, he probably has healthy self esteem. If an individual views himself as flawed and unworthy of praise or the respect of others, he probably has low self-esteem. Self-esteem motivates peoples actions as well as the decisions they make. Individuals with positive self-esteem are likely to believe that they measure up to others sufficiently. They are more likely to have the confidence to pursue different accomplishments, whether it is trying to do well on a test, trying out for a sports team, answering a question in class, or applying for a job. These individuals are not overly afraid of failure; they realize that failure is a natural part of life and whether they fail or succeed at something does not indicate their overall worth and ability as a person. There are several factors that influence self esteem. These include: Age: Self-esteem tends to grow steadily up until middle school, which may be due to the transition of moving from the familiar environment of elementary school to a new setting with new demands. Self-esteem will either continue to grow after this period or begin to plummet. Gender: Girls tend to be more susceptible to having low self-esteem than boys, perhaps because of increased social pressures that emphasize appearance rather than intelligence or athletic ability. When memories are stored in the brain, they cannot serve people unless they are retrieved. How do people retrieve memories? This usually happens when memories are challenged. For example, if someone asks a question, a person must attempt to retrieve information in order to answer the question. Sometimes the answer is easy; other times, a person takes time to answer it. The amount of time it takes to answer the question is connected to a persons awareness of what memories are stored. Sometimes a person is not aware at the time that he or she knows the answer, but later realizes that the information is there, ready to be retrieved. Sometimes, a smell or a sound can trigger a memory that a person did not know was there. Write short examples that are related to your daily activities using James-Lange theory, Cannon Bard theory and the cognitive theory James-Lange theory According to James-Lange theory theory, witnessing an external stimulus leads to a physiological reaction. Your emotional reaction depends upon how you interpret those physical reactions. For example, suppose you are walking in the woods and you see a grizzly bear. You begin to tremble and your heart begins to race. The James-Lange theory proposes that you will interpret your physical reactions and conclude that you are frightened. For an example, when I see a cockroach, feel like uncomfortable and move away from that place and my heart beet become fast by thinking of cockroach going to come near me. Cannon Bard theory Cannon-Bard theory states that we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling and muscle tension simultaneously. More specifically, it is suggested that emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction. For example: I see a snake I’m afraid I begin to tremble. According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, we react to a stimulus and experience the associated emotion at the same time .The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion differs from other theory of emotion such as the James-Lange theory of emotion, which argues that physiological responses occur first and result and are the cause of emotions. Cognitive theory Cognitive theory is a learning theory of psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding the thought processes. The assumption is that humans are logical beings that make the choices that make the most sense to them. Information processing is a commonly used description of the mental process, comparing the human mind to a computer. Pure cognitive theory largely rejects behaviorism on the basis that behaviorism reduces complex human behavior to simple cause and effect. However, the trend in past decades has been towards merging the two into a comprehensive cognitive-behavioral theory. This allows therapists to use techniques from both schools of thought to help clients achieve their goals.

Environmental Ethical Issues And Air Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Environmental Ethical Issues And Air Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay Environmental ethics is the ethical relationship between people and the environment in which we live. There are many ethical issues and decisions that people make, within the respect of the environment. Environmental quality is necessary for human life. People rebuild their environments every day. The environment is filled with artifacts, soil, air, water, and the different climates. Culture and nature all play a special role to the environment. (pg. 518 ethical issues). One of the environmental issues that most attracted my concern is air pollution. Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm to people and other living organisms, or damages the natural environment into the atmosphere. Air pollution is one of the significant causes of health problems all over the world. Outdoor environments contain infections, allergens, irritants, and chemical toxins. Every time we breathe, we risk inhaling dangerous chemicals that are in the air. Air pollution; have found their way into the atmosphere. These can harm the quality of life and cause many diseases. Pollution is inhaled by the throat, nose, and lungs. These pollutants enter the body and cause infections, such as; colds, pneumonia, bronchitis, and the lists go on and on. Air pollutants can be natural or human-based. Some of the natural pollutants are by natural gases that are released from the atmosphere. Human-based pollutants are from smoke from factories, carbon dioxide, and molds. Pollutants can be found outdoors and indoors. These pollutants can be trapped in buildings, houses and not even know they are there and most are odorless. Indoor air quality is a lack of ventilation indoors concentrates air pollution where people often spend the majority of their time. Radon gas, a carcinogen, is from the Earth in certain locations and trapped inside houses. Building materials including carpeting and plywood emit formaldehyde gas. Paint and solvents give off organic compounds as they dry. Lead paint can degenerate into dust and be inhaled. Intentional air pollution is introduced with the use of air fresheners, incense, and other scented items. Controlled wood fires in stoves and fireplaces can add significant amounts of smoke particulates into the air, inside and out. Indoor pollution may be caused by using pesticides and other chemical sprays indoors without proper ventilation. The World Health Organization states that 2.4 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution, with 1.5 million of these deaths due to indoor air pollution. Studies suggest that more than 500,000 Americans die each year from cardiopulmonary disease due to breathing fine particle air pollution (EPA). The health effects caused by air pollutants may range from biochemical and physiological changes to difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing and aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiac conditions. These effects can result in increased medication use, increased doctor or emergency room visits, hospital admissions and premature death. The effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but affect the bodys respiratory system and cardiovascular system. Reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, how bad the exposure is, a persons health status and their genetic genes. Why is air pollution dangerous? Health reasons: pollution has been linked to numerous types of illnesses, such as, strokes, heart disease, and breathing problems. 2) Global warming: air pollution is responsible for global warming. This leads to gradual, but persistent increase of the temperature of our planet. It affects ecosystems as well as the atmosphere. 3) Ozone layer: air pollution causes the ozone layer to shrink, reducing its ability to protect us from ultraviolet radiation. This not only causes skin cancer, but will also damage wildlife and plants. 4) Acid rain: certain pollutants can cause rain to turn to acid rain. This also has an impact on animals, fish, and plants that are soaked in the rain. Acid rain can also affect the ground making the soil toxic to many plants and animals. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), there are six common air pollutants, and are found all over the United States. These are ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, lead, and particulate matter (also known as particle pollution). These all can harm your health and the environment, and also cause property damage. Of the six pollutants, particle pollution and ground ozone are the biggest health threats.(EPA) For each of the pollutants, (EPA) tracks two kinds of air pollution trends: air concentrations based on actual measurements of pollutant concentrations in the outside air at selected monitoring sites throughout the country, and emissions based on engineering estimates of the total tons of air pollutants released each year. Despite the progress made in the last thirty years, millions of people live in the countries with monitor data showing unhealthy air for one or more of the six common air pollutants. For (EPA) most recent evaluation of air pollution trends for these six pollutions. Another form of air pollution is caused from industrial farms. Confined animal feeding operations pollute the air in many ways, letting off foul odors, airborne particles, greenhouse gases, and numerous toxic chemicals. In the United States, industrial farms are the leading producers of substances such as nitrous oxide, and ammonia. US farms produce more than 400 different gases, in addition to dust and airborne particles, generated during the handling and disposal of manure. Air pollution from industrial farms can cause a lot of health problems in agricultural workers, in residents of neighboring communities, and in farm animals. Many industrial farms do little or nothing in this regard. People that live near hog farms often have increased respiratory problems. A number of studies have demonstrated that fatigue, depression, and mood disturbances occur in higher proportions in people living near such facilities. An environmental effect, of air pollution from farms directly affects, the environment, through the production of nitrogen and some of the greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. About 80% of the U.S. ammonia emissions came from livestock manure. (EPA) Atmospheric ammonia and nitric oxide-both produced on farms, contribute to what is known as the nitrogen cascade, in which each ammonia molecule can in sequence, impact atmospheric visibility, soil acidity, forest productivity, terrestrial ecosystem biodiversity, stream acidity, and coastal productivity (National Academy of Sciences, retrieved 8/22). Conclusion: The only logical solution is that everybody needs to find a way to reduce air pollution in the hope that eventually, someday, is eliminated.

Internal Medicine :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Internal Medicine As I grew up in the town of Vallabh Vidyanagar (India), I always had the ambition to become "doctor". As a young schoolboy, my family members encouraged and motivated me to follow my dreams. When I was a child, my grandmother suffered from Heart Failure secondary to Mitral Stenosis. I remember watching the doctors examine her using the "Stethoscope" and I became curious as to what they were listening. I always wanted to put the earpieces in my ears. As I moved to secondary school, my elder sister went on to medical school, and she would often discuss anatomy with her friends at home. This served to heighten my curiosity about the human body. Later I followed in my sister's footsteps and joined medical school. My interest grew deeper when I began to dissect the cadaver. I enjoyed it so much that I used to go to the lab during my lunch break hours. With physiology and biochemistry, I learned how complex and integrated the human body is. Pathology, microbiology and pharmacology together gave me a fundamental understanding of the human body in diseased state. As I began my clinical rotations I found them all interesting; however, medicine always was a favorite of mine. In my final year of medical school, I presented a case study about "Mitral Valve Stenosis with Regurgitation". Among the listeners was my professor, who is also the Chief of the Department of internal medicine. At the end of my presentation, he asked me a few questions about my case study and concluded the session with words of praise. He stated that I was thorough in my history taking and examination and that I analyzed the patient's condition perfectly. I think that it was this personal interest in medicine that has always motivated me to attain excellent marks in Medicine. During my clinical rotations, I saw that internist must be well versed in subspecialty areas such as cardiology and critical care. In addition, the internist must be an expert in the essentials of primary care medicine that incorporates an understanding of disease prevention, wellness, substance abuse, mental health and other non internal medicine subjects. When I was posted in ICU during my internsh ip, my consultant was treating an HIV positive patient for an extended period of time through many ups and downs. I understood then that the internist not only needs extensive knowledge and skill in diagnosis and treatment, but also humanistic qualities of integrity, sensitivity, empathy and compassion.